质量管理定义与案例(ppt)
质量管理
定义1
项目就是以一系列的相关工作(job),这些工作通常会有一些主要的产出,同时需要一段时间去完成.
项目管理:计划、组织、控制资源,使其满足项目的技术、成本、时间等方面的要求.

项目通常被认为是一次性事件

--摘自《运作管理pp56》 v9
(美) Richard B. Chase等3人著
定义2
项目通常是指一系列产出一致、相互关联的任务(related tasks)。

成立项目组(Project Organization)是为了确保新项目成功完成的同时,能继续顺利地进行现行的计划。项目组可以有效地集中在规定时间内完成具体项目所需的人力和物力。
从根本上说，这是个临时性的组织机构，旨在利用企业的专家以达到一定的目的。
--摘自《运作管理pp399》 v4
(美) Jay Heizer等2人著

项目定义(PMI)
项目就是一种旨在创造某种独特产品、服务或结果的临时性努力(PMBOK2000,pp204)。


--摘自《PMP成功之路pp21》
项目特性:
1,一次性,项目是一次性的、独特的创新性活动。
operation-project
2,目的性,项目必须有特定的、明确的目标(时间目标、质量目标、成本目标)。SMART(Specific,Measurable,Accurate,Realistic/Tangible,Time Bound)
3,约束性,总是受到有限的时间及各种可投入的资源的约束(constraints)
4,生命周期
5,复杂性和广泛关联性(参《项目管理新视界》)
6,不确定性
--摘自《PMP成功之路pp21》
考你:下面所列活动是项目吗? --摘自《PMP成功之路pp19》
举办世界杯
办公室保洁
家庭购房
独生子女培养
申奥



项目 质量管理
案例一EIS(Excutive Info System)
A large medical instruments company just hired Daniel,a senior consultant from a large consulting firm, to lead a project to resolve the quality problems with the company’s new EIS.a team of internal programmers and analysts worked with several excutives who had never used computers before hooked on the new EIS. They loved the way the system allowed them to quickly and easily track sales representative.the system was so very user-friendly.after succesfully testing the EIS with several excutives, the copany decided to make the system available to all levels of management.
quality problems
Could not get in the system,
The system started going down a couple of times a month.
Could not access info within a few seconds.
Several people kept forgotting how to log in to the sys., thus increasing the number of calls to the Help desk.
Some of the reports gave inconsistent info, how could a summary report show totals that were not consistent with a detailed report on the same info?

案例二:1000km/1kg油,车价25美元
车,碰2次/天
每次重划交通线时,have to buy new car
死,高速路,启动后,再驾
Occationally, excuting a maneuver such as a left tern, would cause your car to shut down and refuse to restart, in which sase you would have to reinstall the engine.
Make a car powered by sun, reliable 5 times as fast, twice as easy to drive, but would run on only 5%of the roads.
New seats would force everyone to have the same size hips.
The airbag system would say :”Are you sure?” before going off.
GM would require all car buyers to also perchase a deeluxe set of Rand McNally Road Maps (now a GM subsidiary, even though they neither need them nor want theml. Attemting to delete　this option would immediatelly cause the car’s performance to dimimish by 50% or more.more over, GM would become the target for investigation by the Justice Dept.
Press the Start buttom to shut off the engine
Every time when GM introduce the new car, buyers have to learn how to drive all over again because none of the controls would operate in the same manner as the old car.


项目 质量管理
1. 质量概念 质量管理
1.1 质量的定义和基本要求
1.2 项目质量的特性和属性
2. 质量成本
3. 项目 质量管理 过程
4.质量规划,质量保证,质量控制工具和技术

1.1质量的定义和2个基本要求
质量的定义
质量(Quality)是一个产品或服务的特点和特性的总体;包含满足说明的或隐含的需要的能力。
质量是通过产品或者服务的特性(Feature)、功能(Function)以及应用时的性能(Performance)表现出来的。
1.1质量的定义和2个基本要求

质量的2个基本要求
符合需求(Conformance to Requirements)。项目过程和产品符合书面规范。
适用性(Fitness for Use)。产品可以按其设计意图使用。
这些要求在很多情况下也被解释为"没有额外"(No Extra)或者 "没有镀金(No Gold Plating) ，也是PMP考试以及项目管理实践中必须遵循的原则。
1.2 项目质量的特性和属性
(1)可生产性(Producibility)
(2 )可使用性(Usabllity)
(3)可靠性(Reliability)
主要由平均无故障时间(Mean-Time-Between-Failure，MTBF)来衡量。 (预测MTBF /实际MTBF)
(4)可维护性(Maintainability)
由平均修理时间(Mean Time to Repair，MTTR)来衡量。
(5)可用性(Availability)
1.2 项目质量的特性和属性
(6)可操作性(Operability)
(7)适应性 (Flexibility)
适应性是在不同条件下，按照不同能力的、不同目的使用产品的能力。
(8)社会认可性(SocialAcceptability)
产品或服务的特性与相关社会的主导价值和期望之间的兼容性程度，即公众认可使用一个产品的程度，通常与环境和安全要求相关。
(9)可购买性(A ordability)
可购买性是在产品的寿命期内开发、获取、操作、维护和处置的能力，亦即总拥有成本(TCO)。

质量管理定义与案例(ppt)